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Plasmons (Physics) --- Plasma oscillation quanta --- Exciton theory --- Plasma oscillations --- Plasma waves --- Quasiparticles (Physics) --- Solids --- Plasma effects

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"Intrinsic Clocks" presents an array of current research activities on intrinsic clocks and their contributions to biology and physiology. It elucidates the current models for the intrinsic clocks, their molecular components and key mechanisms as well as the key brain regions and animal models for their behavioral analysis. It provides a timely view on how these clocks guide behavior, and how their disruption may cause depressive-like behavior and impairment in cognitive functions. Thereby, any specific method by which the mood-related functions of the intrinsic clocks might be influenced bears therapeutic potential and has clinical interest. The importance of some of these mechanisms was highlighted by the 2017 award of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young for their discoveries of the genetic control of the daily biological rhythm. The key to the explanation was the discovery of transcription-translation feedback loops of the so-called “clock genes.”

nocturnal --- circadian --- tanycytes --- hippocampus --- mood --- diurnal --- seasonal --- cryptochrome --- oscillation --- small-molecule

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Despite increased knowledge, and more sophisticated experimental and modelling approaches, fundamental questions remain about how electricity can interact with ongoing brain function in information processing or as a medical intervention. Specifically, what biophysical and network mechanisms allow for weak electric fields to strongly influence neuronal activity and function? How can strong and weak fields induce meaningful changes in CNS function? How do abnormal endogenous electric fields contribute to pathophysiology? Topics included in the review range from the role of field effects in cortical oscillations, transcranial electrical stimulation, deep brain stimulation, modelling of field effects, and the role of field effects in neurological diseases such as epilepsy, hemifacial spasm, trigeminal neuralgia, and multiple sclerosis. The format of each (<1000 word) mini-review will begin by posing a question, problem, or challenge. The author(s) will provide a brief review of the literature and introduce essential concepts. Data regarding the outstanding question is presented, analysed, and issues of contention discussed thoroughly. The author should offer the reader an answer to the posed question if possible, and offer suggestions for future experiments to address outstanding issues.

Neurology --- Medicine --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation --- ephaptic --- Systems neuroscience --- brain oscillation --- transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) --- stimulation

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Many climatic extremes around the globe, such as severe droughts and floods, can be attributed to the periodic warming of the equatorial Pacific sea surface, termed the El Niño or Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Advances in our understanding of ENSO, in which Edward Sarachik and Mark Cane have been key participants, have led to marked improvements in our ability to predict its development months or seasons, allowing adaptation to global impacts. The book introduces basic concepts and builds to more detailed theoretical treatments. Chapters on the structure and dynamics of the tropical ocean and atmosphere place ENSO in a broader observational and theoretical context. Chapters on ENSO prediction, past and future, and impacts introduce broader implications of the phenomenon. This book provides an introduction to all aspects of this most important mode of global climate variability, for research workers and students of all levels in climate science, oceanography and related fields.

Southern oscillation. --- El Niño Current. --- Atmospheric pressure --- Ocean-atmosphere interaction --- El Niño Current. --- Corriente del Niño --- Holy Child Current --- Niño Current

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This book is a collection of the works of leading experts worldwide in the rapidly developing fields of plasmonics and metamaterials. These developments are promising to revolutionize ways of generating, controlling and processing light in the nanoscale. The technological applications range from nano-lasers to optical nano-waveguides to artificial media with unusual and exotic optical properties unattainable in natural materials. The volume cuts across all relevant disciplines and covers experiments, measurements, fabrication, physical and mathematical analysis, as well as computer simulation.

Plasmons (Physics) --- Metamaterials. --- Meta materials --- Composite materials --- Electromagnetism --- Plasma oscillation quanta --- Exciton theory --- Plasma oscillations --- Plasma waves --- Quasiparticles (Physics) --- Solids --- Plasma effects --- Metamaterials